Attention deficit disorder commonly known as ADD is a neurological condition that is characterised by poor attention and distractibility, at times, combined with hyperactive and impulsive behaviours. It is one of the most common psychological disorders that develop in children. If left untreated, it can lead to poor school/work performance, poor social relationships and a general feeling of low self-esteem as the disorder can continue through adolescence and adulthood.
Despite intensive research, the exact origins of ADD have yet to be determined. There are, however, several theories about the causes of ADD. Studies suggest that genes have a significant role to play along with a chemical imbalance in the neurotransmitters, brain injuries, certain environmental factors and diet/food intake. Artificial colours in various foods, lead levels in the atmosphere and environmental pollution have all been drawn in as possible causes for ADD.
Research over the years indicates that long hours spent watching television by infants and toddlers may shorten their attention span by age seven. The human brain changes rapidly in early life and fast stimulation can “rewire” the brain. When things happen fast on the TV screen, kids’ brains may come to expect this pace, making it harder to concentrate if there’s less stimulation. Such over-stimulation can create habits that are ultimately injurious. Also, the television may replace activities such as reading, solving puzzles, crosswords and jigsaws that could help children learn to concentrate and focus.
The rapidly changing images and sounds of television, even in educational programmes, are certainly gripping and thrilling to young children but can be over-stimulating. Very often, what is shown on the tube is believed to be real by kids and it starts to become a part of their understanding of the real world. However, when this illusion is broken and the child realises that this is not the pace at which the world and events unfold, it could lead to various adjustment problems and amplifies troubles with concentration.
Other research studies have shown that children who watch television excessively have increased risks of obesity and aggressive behaviour. They have difficulties in focussing and tend to be easily confused, impulsive, restless or obsessive about things in their lives.
Treatments include medication, various types of psychotherapy, education or training, or a combination of treatments. Behavioural therapy aims at helping a child change his or her behaviour. It facilitates learning of activities like organising tasks or completing schoolwork, facing emotionally difficult events and maintaining a time table. It also teaches a child how to monitor his or her behaviour and create and follow schedules.
Parents and teachers can help by emphasising and highlighting the child’s talents and feelings of self-worth, giving simple, clear rules to follow instead of complicated instructions.
Lifestyle changes must be exercised — including limiting the intake of artificial flavours, colours, and other food additives. It is important to avoid processed sugars and consume as many natural foods as possible. It is also important to remember that treatment only focusses on reducing the symptoms of ADD and improving levels of functioning in order to bring children as close as possible to normal, healthy living.

— The writer is a Delhi-based psychiatrist.